Evaluation of multimodal displays for waypoint navigation

Point to point navigation is a critical and demanding task for dismounted operators, especially while traversing hostile terrains. Visual displays such as a compass, maps, and global positioning systems have been the ubiquitous means of navigation and have proven to be effective; however, these tools require visual attention in an already visually demanding environment. Multiple resource theory proposes that time-sharing between two tasks with the same sensory modality can produce interference and the use of separate perceptual channels can be more effective. Since the dismounted operator's visual attention is already engaged in examining their environment for potential threats, the use of auditory and/or tactile displays could supplement the visual display to provide enhanced waypoint information. The reduction of the operator's visual load to allow for undivided attention to their environment could allow for more efficient and secure navigations through novel environments. The study investigated the effectiveness of waypoint navigation with the use of a visual map, spatialized auditory and tactile displays in a virtual environment. In addition to performance data, as measured by root mean squared error and time of completion, the participants completed usability and perceived mental workload questionnaires pertaining to the utility of the different displays.