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Period Prevalence and Perceived Side Effects of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and the Menstrual Cycle in Elite Athletes
- Source :
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13:926-932
- Publication Year :
- 2018
- Publisher :
- Human Kinetics, 2018.
-
Abstract
- Purpose:To identify the period prevalence of hormonal contraceptive (HC) use and characterize the perceived side effects associated with the menstrual cycle and HC use.Methods:A total of 430 elite female athletes completed a questionnaire to assess the period prevalence of HC use, the reasons for initiation and discontinuation of HCs, and the side effects experienced by HC and non-HC users. Descriptive statistics, between-groups comparisons, and associations between categorical variables were calculated.Results:Of athletes studied, 49.5% were currently using HCs and 69.8% had used HCs at some point. Combined oral contraceptives were most commonly used (68.1%), with 30.0% using progestin-only contraceptives (implant = 13.1%, injection = 3.7%, and intrauterine system = 2.8%). Perceived negative side effects were more common with progestin-only HC use (39.1%) compared with combined-HC use (17.8%;P = .001) and were most prevalent in implant users (53.6%;P = .004). HC users reported perceived positive side effects relating to their ability to predict and/or manipulate the timing, frequency, and amount of menstrual bleeding. Non-HC users had a menstrual cycle length of 29 (5) d and 77.4% reported negative side effects during their menstrual cycle, primarily during days 1–2 of menstruation (81.6%).Conclusions:Approximately half of elite athletes used HCs, and progestin-only contraceptive users reported greater incidences of negative side effects, especially with the implant. Because of the high interindividual variability in reported side effects, athletes and practitioners should maintain an open dialogue to pursue the best interests of the athlete.
- Subjects :
- Adult
medicine.medical_specialty
media_common.quotation_subject
Emotions
Prevalence
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal
Injections
Menstruation
Young Adult
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Surveys and Questionnaires
medicine
Humans
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Elite athletes
Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation Disturbances
Menstrual cycle
media_common
Drug Implants
030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine
biology
Athletes
Obstetrics
business.industry
Intrauterine Devices, Medicated
C600 Sports Science
030229 sport sciences
biology.organism_classification
Discontinuation
Contraceptives, Oral, Combined
Contraceptive use
Female
Perception
Progestins
business
Hormone
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15550273 and 15550265
- Volume :
- 13
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....a7673d405664a94ba5e3d62174fa5885