Aging of retrieved zirconia femoral heads

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia may undergo extensive transformation to the monoclinic phase under mechanical and/or hydrothermal stress, with degradation of mechanical and tribologic properties. We hypothesized progressive phase transformation of zirconia in service in vivo is directly related to the time of implantation and to patient-related factors. The subsequent decrease in fracture toughness and increase in surface roughness and wear are related to the increased monoclinic content. We performed a study on 47 yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia femoral heads retrieved from failed total hip arthroplasties after 2 to 10 years implantation. Age, weight, and activity of the patients were retrieved from clinical records. Monoclinic content, fracture toughness, surface roughness, and wear were measured. Strong correlations were found between monoclinic content in the weightbearing surface and time of implantation (r = 0.97) and between increase in monoclinic content and decrease in fracture toughness (r = -0.92), increase in surface roughness (r = 0.88), and increase in surface wear (r = 0.89). No correlation was observed between the increase in monoclinic content and the age, weight, or activity of the patients. Aging of zirconia in vivo is then a function of time in service, and the loss of surface properties is caused by the corresponding increase in monoclinic content.