Colloidal associations of major and trace elements in the snow pack across a 2800-km south-north gradient of western Siberia

Colloidal (size 1 nm to 1 μm) transport of major and trace elements, notably micronutrients and low-solubility geochemical tracers, is a ubiquitous and well-established feature for all surface and soil waters in boreal and subarctic regions. However, little is known on the colloidal associations of organic carbon (OC) and major and trace elements in atmospheric precipitation such as snow. This is despite significant efforts devoted to distinguishing the soluble and particulate transport of trace metals and contaminants by atmospheric aerosols. To acquire a snap-shot of major and trace element size fractionation in the snow cover of western Siberia, we sampled snow cores integrated over the entire depth (0–50 cm until bottom) across a sizable (2800 km) south - north transect in the Ob River watershed (western Siberia). A number of trace metal pollutants (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd) exhibited significant linkage, pronounced over the first 20 km, to sources of local pollution. Some elements (P, Mn, Zn, Ba) also demonstrated an increase in their colloidal fraction in the proximity of pollution centers, possibly reflecting input from industrial centers and gas flares. Following centrifuginal ultrafiltration, we analyzed total dissolved (< 0.22 μm), two colloidal (high molecular weight, HMW50 kDa ̶ 0.22 μm; medium molecular weight MMW3 kDa ̶ 50 kDa) and low molecular weight (LMW < 3 kDa) fractions in the melted snow for all major and trace elements. We discovered sizable (20 to 70%) proportion of some major (Ca, SO4) and many trace (Fe, Y, Zn, Sb, La, Ce, Yb, Pb) elements in the colloidal (3 kDa - 0.22 μm) form, without significant link to latitude, type of biome, or the concentration of possible colloidal carrier (DOC, Fe, Al, Ca, SO4). The origin of snow water colloids in snow can be hypothesized to stem from solute freezing on lake surfaces (Fe, OC), frost flowers of the Arсtic ice (Ca, SO4), clays dispersion (Al, Si) and sulphur dioxide oxidation particles (SO4, oxyanions). Via hydrochemical mass balance calculations, we demonstrate an overwhelming impact of snow melt on spring-time riverine export of Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Sb and Cs. These preliminary results call for further studies of atmospheric colloids including those originating from rainwater.