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Integrating the genomic architecture of human nucleolar organizer regions with the biophysical properties of nucleoli
- Publication Year :
- 2017
- Publisher :
- Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.
-
Abstract
- Nucleoli are the sites of ribosome biogenesis and the largest membraneless subnuclear structures. They are intimately linked with growth and proliferation control and function as sensors of cellular stress. Nucleoli form around arrays of ribosomal gene (rDNA) repeats also called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). In humans, NORs are located on the short arms of all five human acrocentric chromosomes. Multiple NORs contribute to the formation of large heterochromatin-surrounded nucleoli observed in most human cells. Here we will review recent findings about their genomic architecture. The dynamic nature of nucleoli began to be appreciated with the advent of photodynamic experiments using fluorescent protein fusions. We review more recent data on nucleoli in Xenopus germinal vesicles (GVs) which has revealed a liquid droplet-like behavior that facilitates nucleolar fusion. Further analysis in both XenopusGVs and Drosophila embryos indicates that the internal organization of nucleoli is generated by a combination of liquid-liquid phase separation and active processes involving rDNA. We will attempt to integrate these recent findings with the genomic architecture of human NORs to advance our understanding of how nucleoli form and respond to stress in human cells.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
endocrine system
early xenopus-embryos
Nucleolus
ribosomal-rna genes
repeats
ribosomal gene
Xenopus
Ribosome biogenesis
Biology
Biochemistry
DNA, Ribosomal
Biophysical Phenomena
03 medical and health sciences
Centromere
Nucleolus Organizer Region
Animals
Humans
nucleolus
Molecular Biology
Gene
Genetics
nucleolar organizer region
Models, Genetic
Genome, Human
synthetic nucleoli
liquid droplet
Cell Biology
liquid-liquid phase separation
Ribosomal RNA
biology.organism_classification
Nucleolar Organizer Region
Cell biology
polymerase-i transcription
030104 developmental biology
acrocentric chromosomes
ubf
human-cells
chromatin
upstream binding factor
Nucleolus organizer region
Ribosomes
human acrocentric chromosome
damage
Cell Nucleolus
Subjects
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....a6e083d988e3bf44d8b4a953fa2a5245