Spin–orbit coupling in photonic graphene

Spin–orbit coupling of electromagnetic waves is one of the most important effects in topological photonics, but so far it has not been studied in photonic graphene implementations based on paraxial configuration, in particular, in atomic vapor cells. We generate experimentally a honeycomb refractive index pattern in such a cell using electromagnetically induced transparency. We demonstrate that an effective spin–orbit coupling appears as a correction to the paraxial beam equations because of the strong spatial gradients of the permittivity. It leads to the coupling of spin and angular momentum at the Dirac points of the graphene lattice. Our results suggest that the polarization degree of freedom plays an important role in many configurations where it has been previously neglected.