Carvedilol for the treatment of refractory facial flushing and persistent erythema of rosacea

Rosacea is a common facial disorder characterized by centrofacial erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, edema, papules, pustules, ocular lesions, and rhinophyma in various combinations. The skin lesions most commonly affect the convex areas of the nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead. Rosacea is classified as erythematotelangiectatic (ETR), papulopustular, and phymatous subtypes, and as ocular and granulomatous variants. The ETR subtype is typified by frequent episodes of facial flushing, telangiectasias, and persistent centrofacial erythema and may be accompanied by facial edema, burning, or stinging. Severe flushing can cause significant physical discomfort and emotional stress to the patients, and currently no satisfactory treatments are available.