Warm blood cardioplegic induction: An underused modality

Warm blood cardioplegic induction (WBCI) improves recovery of cardiogenic shock hearts by repaying their energy debt before cold ischemic arrest. This study tests the hypothesis that despite the absence of shock, many hearts are energy depleted and would benefit from WBCI. Twenty-five consecutive (nonshock) patients undergoing open heart operations received antegrade WBCI. Simultaneous samples were drawn from the aortic root and coronary sinus 15 seconds and 2 minutes after cardiac arrest. Samples were analyzed and compared to determine the oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction ratio, and glucose uptake across the left ventricular myocardium. There was a positive linear correlation between oxygen and glucose uptake (p < 0.001). By univariate analysis, severe multivessel disease and high Parsonnet (severity) score were predictors (p < 0.05) of increased metabolic uptake during warm induction. In addition, patients requiring urgent operations (unstable angina, left main disease, or congestive heart failure) and those with a history of hypertension (coronary artery bypass grafting) or left ventricular overload (valve patients) had higher consumption of oxygen and glucose (p < 0.05) compared with patients undergoing elective operations or those without a history of hypertension. In conclusion, warm cardioplegic induction in nonshocked hearts results in increased metabolic uptake indicating energy repayment and correlates with severity of underlying myocardial disease. The need for WBCI is especially great in patients with a history of hypertension or left ventricular overload and those requiring an urgent operation, where increased metabolic extraction was still present after 2 minutes. In addition, even for completely elective patients, WBCI may be useful if the patient has severe multivessel disease or a high Parsonnet score.