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Interference of silica nanoparticles with the traditional Limulus amebocyte lysate gel clot assay
- Source :
- Innate Immunity. 20:327-336
- Publication Year :
- 2013
- Publisher :
- SAGE Publications, 2013.
-
Abstract
- Endotoxin contaminations of engineered nanomaterials can be responsible for observed biological responses, especially for misleading results in in vitro test systems, as well as in vivo studies. Therefore, endotoxin testing of nanomaterials is necessary to benchmark their influence on cells. Here, we tested the traditional Limulus amebocyte lysate gel clot assay for the detection of endotoxins in nanoparticle suspensions with a focus on possible interference of the particles with the test system. We systematically investigated the effects of nanomaterials made of, or covered by, the same material. Different types of bare or PEGylated silica nanoparticles, as well as iron oxide–silica core shell nanoparticles, were tested. Detailed inhibition/enhancement controls revealed enhanced activity in the Limulus coagulation cascade for all particles with bare silica surface. In comparison, PEGylation led to a lower degree of enhancement. These results indicate that the protein–particle interactions are the basis for the observed inhibition and enhancement effects. The enhancement activity of a particle type was positively related to the calculated particle surface area. For most silica particles tested, a dilution of the sample within the maximum valid dilution was sufficient to overcome non-valid enhancement, enabling semi-quantification of the endotoxin contamination.
- Subjects :
- Immunology
Metal Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle
Ferric Compounds
Microbiology
Polyethylene Glycols
Nanomaterials
In vivo
Electrochemistry
Animals
Coagulation (water treatment)
Particle Size
Molecular Biology
Limulus Test
Chromatography
biology
Chemistry
Cell Biology
Reference Standards
Silicon Dioxide
biology.organism_classification
Endotoxins
Infectious Diseases
Limulus amebocyte lysate
Limulus
PEGylation
Nanoparticles
Particle
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 17534267 and 17534259
- Volume :
- 20
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Innate Immunity
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....a3e2a4a31bd3e604d402fc21a4f5d51e