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A detailed anatomical assessment of the lateral tongue extrinsic musculature, and proximity to the tongue mucosal surface. Does this confirm the current TNM T4a muscular subclassification?
- Source :
- Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA. 35(7)
- Publication Year :
- 2012
-
Abstract
- The current T4a subclassification of the TNM staging system for oral malignancies has been criticised as based almost exclusively on anatomical data. The aim of this study was to provide anatomical confirmation of the muscular constraints of T4a classification of oral tongue tumours.A detailed anatomical study describing and measuring the adjacency of the named extrinsic tongue muscles to the lateral tongue surface was completed on the Visible Human Female (VHF). The distance of styloglossus and hyoglossus to the over lying mucosa were determined.The appearance, position, orientation and anatomical relationships of the lateral tongue extrinsic muscles, with comparison to their classical descriptions are described. The right VHF styloglossus was 1.3 mm (0.33-1.48) and left 2.91 mm (0.66-7.68) from the mucosal surface in the axial plane. The right VHF hyoglossus was 2.93 mm (1.48-4.96) and left 4.33 (1.68-8.71) from the mucosal surface in the axial line.In the lateral tongue, styloglossus and hyoglossus are very superficial. The inclusion criteria of hyoglossus and styloglossus in the T4a staging does not appear justified based upon their anatomical position.
- Subjects :
- Male
Pathology
medicine.medical_specialty
TNM staging system
Sensitivity and Specificity
Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Skeletal pathology
Tongue
Cadaver
Medicine
Humans
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Muscle, Skeletal
Neoplasm Staging
Genioglossus
business.industry
Mouth Mucosa
Tumour staging
Anatomy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Hyoglossus
Tongue Neoplasms
stomatognathic diseases
medicine.anatomical_structure
Styloglossus
Surgery
Female
business
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 12798517
- Volume :
- 35
- Issue :
- 7
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....9f715ccf6a325c279a14a1e3eb941fea