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Ciliary Extracellular Vesicles: Txt Msg Organelles
- Source :
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 36:449-457
- Publication Year :
- 2016
- Publisher :
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2016.
-
Abstract
- Cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from cell surfaces to monitor the surrounding environment. In addition to its role as sensory receiver, the cilium also releases extracellular vesicles (EVs). The release of sub-micron sized EVs is a conserved form of intercellular communication used by all three kingdoms of life. These extracellular organelles play important roles in both short and long range signaling between donor and target cells and may coordinate systemic responses within an organism in normal and diseased states. EV shedding from ciliated cells and EV-cilia interactions are evolutionarily conserved phenomena, yet remarkably little is known about the relationship between the cilia and EVs and the fundamental biology of EVs. Studies in the model organisms Chlamydomonas and C. elegans have begun to shed light on ciliary EVs. Chlamydomonas EVs are shed from tips of flagella and are bioactive. C. elegans EVs are shed and released by ciliated sensory neurons in an intraflagellar transport (IFT)-dependent manner. C. elegans EVs play a role in modulating animal-to-animal communication, and this EV bioactivity is dependent on EV cargo content. Some ciliary pathologies, or ciliopathies, are associated with abnormal EV shedding or with abnormal cilia-EV interactions, suggest the cilium may be an important organelle as an EV donor or as an EV target. Until the past few decades, both cilia and EVs were ignored as vestigial or cellular junk. As research interest in these two organelles continues to gain momentum, we envision a new field of cell biology emerging. Here, we propose that the cilium is a dedicated organelle for EV biogenesis and EV reception. We will also discuss possible mechanisms by which EVs exert bioactivity and explain how what is learned in model organisms regarding EV biogenesis and function may provide insight to human ciliopathies.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
biology
Microvesicle
Cilium
Cell Biology
General Medicine
Flagellum
biology.organism_classification
Bioinformatics
Ciliopathies
Exosome
Article
Microvesicles
Cell biology
03 medical and health sciences
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
030104 developmental biology
0302 clinical medicine
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Biogenesis
Caenorhabditis elegans
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15736830 and 02724340
- Volume :
- 36
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....9e731b51be6a4815d580249287b73c0e
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-016-0345-4