Histopathological Features of MRI-Invisible Regions of Prostate Cancer Lesions

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported tumor volume underestimation with multiparametric (mp)MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis. PURPOSE: To investigate why some parts of lesions are not visible on mpMRI by comparing their histopathology features to those of visible regions. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: Thirty-four patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer scheduled for prostatectomy (median 68.7 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: T2 -weighted, diffusion-weighted imaging, T2 mapping, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI on two 3T systems and one 1.5T system. ASSESSMENT: Two readers delineated suspicious lesions on mpMRI. A pathologist delineated the lesions on histopathology. A patient-customized mold enabled the registration of histopathology and MRI. On histopathology we identified mpMRI visible and invisible lesions. Subsequently, within the visible lesions we identified regions that were visible and regions that were invisible on mpMRI. For each lesion and region the following characteristics were determined: size, location, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade, and Gleason subpatterns (density [dense/intermediate], tumor morphology [homogeneous/heterogeneous], cribriform growth [yes/no]). STATISTICAL TESTS: With generalized linear mixed-effect modeling we investigated which features explain why a lesion or a region was invisible on MRI. We compared imaging values (T2 , ADC, and Ktrans ) for these features with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Small, anterior, and ISUP grade 1-2 lesions (n = 34) were missed more frequent than large, posterior, ISUP grade ≥ 3 lesions (n = 35). Invisible regions on mpMRI had lower tumor density, heterogeneous tumor morphology, and were located in the transition zone. Both T2 and ADC values were higher in "intermediate" compared with "dense" regions (P = 0.002 and