Measurement of muscle blood flow and O2 uptake via near-infrared spectroscopy using a novel occlusion protocol

We describe here a novel protocol that sequentially combines venous followed by arterial occlusions to determine muscle blood flow and O2 uptake from a single measurement point using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during handgrip exercise. NIRS data were obtained from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle on the dominant arm of 15 young, healthy adults (3 women; 26 ± 7 years; 78.6 ± 9.1 kg). Participants completed a series of 15-s static handgrip contractions at 20, 40 and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) immediately followed by either a: (i) venous occlusion (VO); (ii); arterial occlusion (AO); or venous then arterial occlusion (COMBO). Each condition was repeated 3 times for each exercise-intensity. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and robust linear mixed effects modeling were used to determine measurement agreement between vascular occlusion conditions. FDS muscle blood flow ($${\dot{\text{Q}}}_{{{\text{FDS}}}}$$ Q ˙ FDS ) and conductance ($${\text{C}}_{{{\text{FDS}}}}$$ C FDS ) demonstrated strong absolute agreement between VO and COMBO trials from rest up to 60%MVC, as evidenced by high values for CCC (> 0.82) and a linear relationship between conditions that closely approximated the line-of-identity (perfect agreement). Conversely, although FDS muscle O2 uptake ($${{\dot {\text{V}}}}{{\text{O}}_{2{\text{FDS}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2 FDS ) displayed “substantial” to “near perfect” agreement between methods across exercise intensities (i.e., CCC > 0.80), there was a tendency for COMBO trials to underestimate $${{\dot {\text{V}}}}{{\text{O}}_{2{\text{FDS}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2 FDS by up to 7%. These findings indicate that the COMBO method provides valid estimates of $${\dot {\text{Q}}}_{{\text{FDS}}}$$ Q ˙ FDS and, to a slightly lesser extent, $${{\dot {\text{V}}}}{{\text{O}}_{2{\text{FDS}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2 FDS at rest and during static handgrip exercise up to 60%MVC. Practical implications and suggested improvements of the method are discussed.