Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission potential to naïve calves by direct and indirect exposure routes

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) can cause both acute and persistent infections in cattle. Exposure to BVDV persistently infected (PI) animals results in transmission of the virus to a naive animal which causes a transient acute infection. While it is known that direct exposure to PI animals is a highly efficient means of transmission, less information is available regarding the potential for transmission from acutely infected either by direct or indirect exposure to naive animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for spread of the virus from calves acutely infected, with typical virulence field viruses know to have minimal shedding and viremia, to naive contact animals either by direct or indirect exposure. To accomplish this objective, two BVDV isolates belonging to two species of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, were used to inoculate calves. Subsequently on day 2 post-infection, naive calves were exposed to inoculated calves, either directly or indirectly, over a period of two weeks. All calves were evaluated for the presence of virus in blood samples and nasal swabs, pyrexia, lymphopenia and seroconversion. BVDV was isolated from inoculated calves but not from any of the direct and indirect contact animals or from control calves. Similarly, pyrexia and lymphopenia were observed in the inoculated calves, but not in contact and control calves. Only the inoculated calves seroconverted by day 38 of the study indicating that no transmission had occurred to the naive contact calves. This data would suggest that there may be an infectious dose needed for transmission of virus for typical virulent isolates.