Additional file 1: of Graphene quantum dots in alveolar macrophage: uptake-exocytosis, accumulation in nuclei, nuclear responses and DNA cleavage

Figure S1. Physicochemical characterization of AG-QDs. Figure S2. The hydrodynamic diameter of AG-QDs in DI water and cell culture medium. Figure S3. Cell viability of macrophages after exposure to AG-QDs at different concentrations. Figure S4. Viability of MC3T3-E1 cells after exposure to AG-QDs at different concentrations. Figure S5. Apoptosis of NR8383 cells during 24- and 48-h AG-QDs exposure. Figure S6. Export of AG-QDs by macrophages after AG-QDs internalization. Figure S7. Distribution of internalized AG-QDs in macrophages after exocytosis for 24 and 48 h. Figure S8. Confocal images of AG-QDs distributed in mitochondria, endo-lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum after incubation for 24 h. Figure S9. The effect of AG-QDs on the membrane stability of endo-lysosomes. Figure S10. Uptake of GO-QDs by NR8383 cells under confocal imaging. Figure S11. Confocal images of AG-QDs distributed in the cellular cytoplasm under 438 nm fluorescence emission. Figure S12. Distribution of AG-QDs in the cellular cytoplasm after incubation for 12 h. Figure S13. Relative expression of Kapβ2 and Nup98 after exposure to AG-QDs (200 μg/mL) for 12 and 24 h. Figure S14. The high content screening (HCS) images of NR8383 cells after AG-QDs (200 μg/mL) exposure in absence and presence of Hoechst33342 at 347 nm excitation and 483 nm emission. Figure S15. Raman images of cells after exposure to AG-QDs (200 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. Figure S16. ROS levels of AG-QDs (200 μg/mL) alone and NR8383 cells after AG-QDs exposure. Figure S17. AFM image of DNA chains that were directly exposed to AG-QDs-FBS (200 μg/mL) for 24 h. Figure S18. Ten representative structural models of AG-QDs. Figure S19. π-π Interactions between the AG-QDs (Structures 7–10) and DNA. Table S1. The number of π bonds between AG-QDs (Structures 1–10) and DNA as obtained by molecular docking. Table S2. The expression of genes in the caspase family after AG-QDs exposure. The macrophages were exposed to AG-QDs for 24 h prior to analysis. Table S3. Sequences of the gene-specific primers used in the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiment. (DOCX 2467 kb)