High-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) features in adult onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

Purpose To describe the different morphological features in adult onset foveomacular vittelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) using high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Prospective observational case series. Methods Complete ophthalmologic examination, including spectral domain OCT, was performed in 49 consecutive AOFVD patients (60 eyes). Results In 28/60 eyes, spectral domain OCT showed hyper-reflective clumps within the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers. In 9/60 eyes, the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) interface appeared highly reflective like a shell all around the vitelliform material, and appeared irregular and discontinued in 27/60 eyes. The Verhoeff membrane was clearly visible at the border of the lesion, disappeared over the vitelliform lesion in 20/60 eyes, became thickened and less defined on the outer aspect of the lesion in 11/60 eyes, appeared without noticeable alterations in 10/60 eyes and not well defined in 19/60 eyes. The vitelliform material appeared as a highly reflective dome-shaped lesion (homogeneous in 14/60 eyes and heterogeneous in 36/60 eyes) located between the photoreceptor layer and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In 10/60 eyes, the macular lesion appeared as hypo/a-reflective. The RPE appeared irregular in 14/60 eyes, with hyper-reflective mottling on its inner aspect. We observed discrete RPE detachments in 29/60 eyes. Conclusions We hypothesise that early changes involve the layer between RPE and the IS/OS interface, first with vitelliform material accumulation beneath the sensory retina, and then with IS/OS alterations, pigments migration towards inner layers and fluid accumulation. These changes come with RPE alterations such as hypertrophy or sub-RPE deposits.