Acceleration Factors for Combined‐Accelerated Stress Testing of Photovoltaic Modules

Combined-accelerated stress testing (C-AST) is developed to establish the durability of photovoltaic (PV) products, including for degradation modes that are not a priori known or examined in standardized tests. C-AST aims to comprehensively represent the sample, stress factors, and their combinations using levels at the statistical tails of the natural environment. Acceleration factors for relevant climate sequences within the C-AST cycle with respect to the Florida USA climate are estimated for selected degradation mechanisms. It is found that for degradation of the outer backsheet polymer layer, the acceleration factor of the tropical climate sequence (the longest of the climate sequences) is f (T, G) = 17.3 with ultraviolet photodegradation; for polyethylene terephthalate hydrolysis (backsheets), f (T, RH) = 426; for electrochemical corrosion (PV cell), f (I) = 14.1; and for PbSn solder fatigue f (ΔT, r (T)) = 17.3. Here, T is the module temperature, G is the broadband spectrum irradiance on the plane of array of the module, RH is the relative humidity on the module surface, I is the leakage current through the module packaging, and r(T), the number of temperature reversals. The methods discussed herein are generally applicable for evaluating acceleration factors in other accelerated test methods.