Analysis of Radiation Facility Volume and Survival in Men With Lymph Node–Positive Prostate Cancer Treated With Radiation and Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Key Points Question Is a cancer facility’s radiation case volume associated with long-term outcomes in men with advanced prostate cancer who were treated with primary radiation therapy? Findings In this cohort study of 1899 men from a large US cancer database, men with node-positive prostate cancer undergoing curative-intent radiation therapy with concurrent androgen deprivation therapy had significantly improved median survival rates if they were treated at facilities with a high volume of such patients, independent of academic affiliation. Meaning Node-positive prostate cancer is a complex disease entity with the potential for long-term disease control with aggressive management, and these findings suggest that treatment at a high-volume radiation center is associated with improved long-term oncologic outcomes.
This cohort study evaluates the association between radiation facility case volume and overall survival among men with node-positive prostate cancer.
Importance Long-term control of node-positive (N1) prostate cancer, the incidence of which is increasing, is obtainable with aggressive treatment, and definitive external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an increasingly preferred option. Caring for these patients is complex and may require resources more readily available at high-volume centers. Objective To evaluate the association between radiation facility case volume and overall survival (OS) in men with N1 prostate cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 1899 men diagnosed with T1N1M0 to T4N1M0 prostate cancer treated with curative-intent EBRT and ADT between January 2004 and December 2016 at US facilities reporting to the National Cancer Database. Data analysis was performed from March to June 2020. Exposures Treatment at a center with high vs low average cumulative facility volume (ACFV), defined as the total number of prostate radiation cases at an individual patient’s treatment facility from 2004 until the year of that patient’s diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures OS was assessed between high- vs low-ACFV centers using the Kaplan-Meier method with and without propensity score–based weighted adjustment and multivariable Cox proportional hazards. The nonlinear association between continuous ACFV and OS was examined through a Martingale residual plot, and the optimal ACFV cutoff point that maximized the separation between high vs low ACFV was identified via a bias adjusted log rank test. Results A total of 1899 men met inclusion criteria. The median (interquartile range) age was 66 (60-72) years, 1491 (78.5%) were White individuals, and 1145 (60.3%) were treated at nonacademic centers. The optimal ACFV cutoff point was 66.4 patients treated per year. The median OS for patients treated at high-ACFV vs low-ACFV centers was 111.1 (95% CI, 101.5-127.9) months and 92.3 (95% CI, 87.7-103.9) months, respectively (P = .01). On multivariable analysis, treatment at a low-ACFV center was associated with increased risk of death (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.46, P = .03) compared with treatment at a high-ACFV center. These results persisted after propensity score–based adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found a significant association of facility case volume with long-term outcomes in men with N1 prostate cancer undergoing EBRT with ADT. Specifically, treatment at a facility with high radiation case volume was independently associated with longer OS. Further studies should focus on identifying which factors unique to high-volume centers may be responsible for this benefit.