Understanding the role of sleep and its disturbances in autism spectrum disorder

Fil: Karthikeyan, Ramanujam. School of Biological Sciences. Department of Animal Behavior & Physiology; India Fil: Cardinali, Daniel Pedro. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Medicas; Argentina Fil: Shakunthala, Venkat. University of Mysuru. Department of Zoology; India Fil: Spence, David Warren. Independent Research Consultant; Canada Fil: Brown, Gregory M. University of Toronto. Department of Psychiatry. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Molecular Brain Science; Canada Fil: Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R. Somnogen Canada Inc.; Canada Abstract: Sleep difficulties are one of the significant complications associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite their possible role as contributors to the overall symptoms of ASD, the symptoms of disturbed sleep experienced by many affected patients have only recently started to receive attention from clinicians, caretakers, and family members. Many types of sleep disorders have been reported in ASD individuals, but these have not been categorized under a common terminology. Nevertheless, several studies have established that a positive relationship exists between the occurrence of sleep difficulties and heightenedsymptomatology in ASD children. When ASD children show evidence of sleep problems there is also an increased frequency of behavioral problems such as social impairment, decreased cognitive functioning, aggressiveness, and anxiety. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding the linkage between disturbed sleep and ASD. These have included suggestions that sleep difficulties and other ASD symptoms are induced by disruption of the circadian clock, the presence of comorbid physical or psychological conditions, elevated anxiety levels, or emotional distress. This article reviews the use of sleep therapies in ASD, among which melatonin has shown promise because of its lack ofsignificant side effects. A better understanding of sleep problems in the etiology of ASD, their impact on the symptoms and behavior of ASD individuals, and their potential use as a secondary aid for treating ASD would represent a significant contribution todevelop strategies to manage the disorder.