Energy and Pollutant Damage Costs of Operating Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Vehicles in Singapore

Pollutant emissions for vehicles are a function of the amount of energy it consumes and the feedstock for that energy. A model was built to capture the energy and pollutant damage costs associated with using electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles and internal combustion engine cars in Singapore based on vehicles currently available in the Singapore market. These damage costs were compared to vehicle purchase price and fuel costs. This is part of broader work to compare the costs and benefits of EVs with hybrid and ICE vehicles in Singapore.