Adverse effects of acrolein, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, on muscle regeneration and mass

Background Acrolein is an extremely electrophilic aldehyde. Increased urinary acrolein adducts have been found in type 2 diabetic patients and people with a smoking habit. The increased blood acrolein was shown in patients who received the cancer drug cyclophosphamide. Both diabetes and smoking are risk factors for skeletal muscle wasting or atrophy. Acrolein has been found to induce myotube atrophy in vitro. The in vitro and in vivo effects and mechanisms of acrolein on myogenesis and the in vivo effect of acrolein on muscle wasting still remain unclear. Methods C2C12 myoblasts were used to assess the effects of low‐dose acrolein (0.125–1 μM) on myogenesis in vitro. Mice were exposed daily to acrolein in distilled water by oral administration (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks with or without glycerol‐induced muscle injury to investigate the effects of acrolein on muscle wasting and regeneration. Results Non‐cytotoxic‐concentration acrolein dose dependently inhibited myogenic differentiation in myoblasts (myotube formation inhibition: 0.5 and 1 μM, 66.25% and 46.25% control, respectively, n = 4, P