Genetic architecture and genomic predictive ability of apple quantitative traits across environments

Implementation of genomic tools is desirable to increase the efficiency of apple breeding. Recently, the multi-environment apple reference population (apple REFPOP) proved useful for rediscovering loci, estimating genomic predictive ability, and studying genotype by environment interactions (G × E). So far, only two phenological traits were investigated using the apple REFPOP, although the population may be valuable when dissecting genetic architecture and reporting predictive abilities for additional key traits in apple breeding. Here we show contrasting genetic architecture and genomic predictive abilities for 30 quantitative traits across up to six European locations using the apple REFPOP. A total of 59 stable and 277 location-specific associations were found using GWAS, 69.2% of which are novel when compared with 41 reviewed publications. Average genomic predictive abilities of 0.18-0.88 were estimated using main-effect univariate, main-effect multivariate, multi-environment univariate, and multi-environment multivariate models. The G × E accounted for up to 24% of the phenotypic variability. This most comprehensive genomic study in apple in terms of trait-environment combinations provided knowledge of trait biology and prediction models that can be readily applied for marker-assisted or genomic selection, thus facilitating increased breeding efficiency.
This work was partially supported by the project RIS3CAT (COTPA-FRUIT3CAT) financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the FEDER frame of Catalonia 2014-2020 and by the CERCA Program from Generalitat de Catalunya. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the “Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D” 2016-2019 (SEV-20150533) and 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000902-S).
With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000902-S)