Demographic history shapes genomic ancestry in hybrid zones

Demographic factors such as migration rate and population size can impede or facilitate speciation. In hybrid zones, reproductive boundaries between species are tested and demography mediates the opportunity for admixture between lineages that are partially isolated. Genomic ancestry is a powerful tool for revealing the history of admixed populations, but models and methods based on local ancestry are rarely applied to structured hybrid zones. To understand the effects of demography on ancestry in hybrids zones, we performed individual‐based simulations under a stepping‐stone model, treating migration rate, deme size, and hybrid zone age as parameters. We find that the number of ancestry junctions (the transition points between genomic regions with different ancestries) and heterogenicity (the genomic proportion heterozygous for ancestry) are often closely connected to demographic history. Reducing deme size reduces junction number and heterogenicity. Elevating migration rate increases heterogenicity, but migration affects junction number in more complex ways. We highlight the junction frequency spectrum as a novel and informative summary of ancestry that responds to demographic history. A substantial proportion of junctions are expected to fix when migration is limited or deme size is small, changing the shape of the spectrum. Our findings suggest that genomic patterns of ancestry could be used to infer demographic history in hybrid zones.
Ancestry changes along admixed chromosomes have been used by numerous models and methods to reveal the history of admixed populations, yet these approaches are rarely applied to structured hybrid zones. In this study, we perform simulations under a stepping‐stone model, focusing on migration rate, deme size, and hybrid zone age as key parameters. We find that ancestry patterns including our novel summary—the junction frequency spectrum—are sensitive indicators of demographic history.