Site-Specific Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Triple Variable Domain Fab Format

The interest in replacing the conventional immunoglobulin G (IgG) format of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody&ndash
drug conjugates (ADCs) with alternative antibody and antibody-like scaffolds reflects a need to expand their therapeutic utility and potency while retaining their exquisite specificity, affinity, and low intrinsic toxicity. For example, in the therapy of solid malignancies, the limited tumor tissue penetration and distribution of ADCs in IgG format mitigates a uniform distribution of the cytotoxic payload. Here, we report triple variable domain Fab (TVD&ndash
Fab) as a new format that affords the site-specific and stable generation of monovalent ADCs without the Fc domain and a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 2. TVD&ndash
Fabs harbor three variable fragment (Fv) domains: one for tumor targeting and two for the fast, efficient, precise, and stable conjugation of two cargos via uniquely reactive lysine residues. The biochemical and in vitro cytotoxicity properties of a HER2-targeting TVD&ndash
Fab before and after conjugation to a tubulin inhibitor were validated. In vivo, the TVD&ndash
Fab antibody carrier revealed a circulatory half-life of 13.3 &plusmn
2.5 h and deeper tumor tissue distribution compared to our previously reported dual variable domain (DVD)&ndash
IgG1 format. Taken together, the TVD&ndash
Fab format merits further investigations as an antibody carrier of site-specific ADCs targeting solid malignancies.