Combined sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance: a modified technique for percutaneous sclerosis of low-flow vascular malformations

L ow-flow vascular malformations, such as venous or mixed malformations, can cause a variety of medical problems related to pain, compression or invasion of adjacent structures, limited range of motion, bleeding, consumptive coagulopathy, and cosmetic deformity [1-4]. Treatment of these lesions is often problematic. Surgical resection, medical therapy, and transarterial embolization therapy have all had limited suc