Controlled Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hyaline Cartilage in miR-140-Activated Collagen Hydrogel

Objective Hypertrophic cartilage formation is a major setback in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)–mediated cartilage repair, and overcoming it requires optimization of differentiation. Here, we tested the miR-140 activated collagen hydrogel for the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and to produce hyaline cartilage. Methods Bone marrow MSCs isolated from 3 patients were pretreated with miR-140 and then chondrogenic differentiated. The 3-dimensional (3D) transfection potential of 5 different transfection reagents (Polyethylenimine, Lipofectamine, TransIT-X2, Amide:Cholesterol-based liposomes [AmC] and AmC pegylated with Tocofersolan [AmCTOC]) was compared and the reagent that showed higher green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was selected. Finally, the collagen hydrogel was activated using miR-140-transfection complex and sustained delivered to MSCs during chondrogenic differentiation. After differentiation, the outcome was assessed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), histology, immunohistochemistry, and compared with scrambled miRNA treated control. Results Pretreatment of MSCs with miR-140 significantly increased the expression of cartilage-specific genes ( COL2A1, SOX9, and ACAN) with reduced hypertrophic chondrocyte ( COL10A1) marker expression and better safranin-O staining than the control. The AmCTOC liposome showed a significant increase in 3D transfection of GFP expressing plasmid than the others. Furthermore, the knockdown of GAPDH using siRNA in HEK cells and expression of GFP mRNA in human bone marrow MSCs confirmed the 3D-transfection efficiency of AmCTOC. The sustained delivery of miR-140 using activated matrix formed a hyaline cartilage-like tissue with minimal COL10A1 expression in RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miR-140-activated hydrogel for MSCs-based cartilage tissue engineering, which could also be used for endogenous stem cells–mediated cartilage repair.