Long-term Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Sputum Atypia: A 27-Year Follow-up Study of an Occupational Lung Screening Cohort in Yunnan, China

Background:Sputum cytologic atypia is associated with increased lung cancer risk. However, little is known about the long-term magnitude and temporal trend of this risk.Methods:An extended follow-up was conducted in a prospective screening cohort among occupational tin miners in Yunnan, China. Sputum samples were collected prospectively at baseline and 7 annual screenings since enrollment. The associations between sputum cytologic results from baseline screening, the first 4 consecutive rounds of sputum screening, and lung cancer risk were analyzed by time-varying covariate Cox regression model.Results:A moderate or worse cytologic result was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk. This relative hazard significantly decreased over time. Compared with negative screening results, the adjusted hazard ratios of baseline-moderate or worse atypia, at least one moderate or worse atypia in the first 4 consecutive screening rounds during the first 10 years of follow-up were 3.11 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37–4.07], 3.25 (95% CI: 2.33–4.54) respectively. This association was stronger for persistent atypia (adjusted hazard ratio = 17.55, 95% CI: 8.32–37.03); atypia identified in the recent screening rounds (adjusted HR = 4.14, 95% CI: 2.70–6.35), and those were old in age, had higher level of smoking, occupational radon, and arsenic exposure. In terms of histology, this increased risk was significant for squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung cancer.Conclusions:Although decreasing over time, an increased lung cancer risk concerning moderate or worse sputum atypia can continue at least for 10 years.Impact:Sputum atypia might be helpful for identifying high-risk individuals for screening, surveillance, or chemoprevention of lung cancer.