Applications of the Atomic Force Microscope in the Development of Propellant-based Inhalation Formulations

As the atomic force microscope (AFM) becomes a more accessible tool in the laboratory, researchers involved in the development of pharmaceutical formulations are taking advantage of its unique capabilities. In this work we review the uses of the AFM in the development of hydrofluoroalkane-based pressurized metered-dose inhaler formulations. Perspectives and limitations of the AFM and related techniques in this area also discussed.