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Perspectives on immune checkpoint ligands: expression, regulation, and clinical implications
- Source :
- BMB Reports
- Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- In the tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint ligands (ICLs) must be expressed in order to trigger the inhibitory signal via immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs). Although ICL expression frequently occurs in a manner intrinsic to tumor cells, extrinsic factors derived from the tumor microenvironment can fine-tune ICL expression by tumor cells or prompt non-tumor cells, including immune cells. Considering the extensive interaction between T cells and other immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, ICL expression on immune cells can be as significant as that of ICLs on tumor cells in promoting antitumor immune responses. Here, we introduce various regulators known to induce or suppress ICL expression in either tumor cells or immune cells, and concise mechanisms relevant to their induction. Finally, we focus on the clinical significance of understanding the mechanisms of ICLs for an optimized immunotherapy for individual cancer patients. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(8): 403-412].
- Subjects :
- medicine.medical_treatment
animal diseases
Immune checkpoint ligand
Gene Expression
Tumor cells
Biology
Ligands
Biochemistry
Immune system
Neoplasms
medicine
Humans
Receptors, Immunologic
Receptor
Molecular Biology
Tumor microenvironment
Cancer
General Medicine
Immunotherapy
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
medicine.disease
Immune Checkpoint Proteins
Immune checkpoint
Invited Mini Review
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Immune checkpoint receptor
Cancer research
bacteria
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 1976670X
- Volume :
- 54
- Issue :
- 8
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- BMB reports
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....84f1519b94eb4e78ea51d30b5631c882