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Irreversible modifications of chromatin and the nuclear lamina: A review inside the nuclear origin of Alzheimer’s disease
- Source :
- Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia, Vol 22, Iss 3 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Permanyer, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Dementia is a public health problem with an extraordinary increase in recent years. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. This disease has been considered a consequence of cytoplasmic and extracellular accumulations of Tau protein and β- amyloid, respectively. Nevertheless, a nuclear origin of AD has recently emerged. Both Tau protein and the nuclear lamin protect the nuclear and chromatin organization for proper gene expression throughout neuronal life. Accumulation of DNA damage, mainly as a result of aging, drives post-mitotic neurons to initiate DNA repair by entering the cell cycle. The complexity of the nucleus-cytoskeleton prevents neurons from dividing and condemns them to a state of hyperdiploidy ending in neuronal death, after transiently prolonging their life. In AD, hippocampal neurons survive their fatal fate by triggering an aberrant structural and functional transformation of the nucleus. Lamin A expression and Tau protein transfer to the cytoplasm results in loss of the protector role of nuclear Tau and the subsequent global chromatin disorganization. Therefore, the cytoplasmic Tau protein accumulations that characterize AD are consequence of the attempted neuronal repair. Alzheimer’s neurons with unstructured nuclei and aberrant cytoskeletons manage to survive by sacrificing their plasticity, which inexorably leads to dementia. La demencia es un problema de salud pública que se ha incrementado a un ritmo desmedido. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la causa más frecuente de demencia, considerada como consecuencia de acúmulos citoplasmáticos y extracelulares de proteína Tau y βamiloide, respectivamente. Sin embargo, recientemente ha emergido un origen nuclear . La proteína Tau y la lámina nuclear resguardan la organización nuclear y de la cromatina necesarias para la correcta expresión génica. El daño al DNA asociado al envejecimiento orilla a las neuronas posmitóticas a iniciar su reparación entrando en ciclo celular. La complejidad del núcleo-citoesqueleto impide su división y permanecen en estado de hiperdiploidía que, aun alargando la vida neuronal, culmina en su muerte. No obstante, en EA las neuronas del hipocampo sobreviven desencadenando una aberrante transformación estructural y funcional del núcleo a través de la expresión de lámina A y el trasvase al citoplasma de la proteína Tau, lo que conlleva la pérdida del rol protector de Tau nuclear y la desorganización cromatínica global. Así, los agregados de proteína Tau citoplasmática característicos de EA son consecuencia del intento de reparación neuronal. Estas neuronas con núcleos desestructurados y citoesqueletos aberrantes sobreviven sacrificando su plasticidad, lo que conduce inexorablemente a la demencia.
- Subjects :
- Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
Neurology
Chemistry
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Nuclear lamina
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Neurology (clinical)
Chromatin
Cell biology
Alzheimer’s disease. Tau protein. Amyloid Beta. Chromatin. Lamin A. Neuronal nucleus. / Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Proteína Tau. Beta amiloide. Cromatina. Lámina A. Núcleo neuronal
RC321-571
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 26046180
- Volume :
- 22
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....8439df07f991993ca330228968590244