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Almanah 2011.: akutni koronarni sindrom. Časopisi nacionalnih društava predstavljaju odabrana istraživanja koja predstavljaju napredak u kliničkoj kardiologiji
- Source :
- The Egyptian Heart Journal, Vol 64, Iss 1, Pp 39-49 (2012), Cardiologia Croatica, Volume 6, Issue 12, Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, Vol 31, Iss 2, Pp 179-188 (2012), Materia Socio-Medica, Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition), Vol 31, Iss 2, Pp 179-188 (2012)
- Publication Year :
- 2011
- Publisher :
- BMJ, 2011.
-
Abstract
- Ovaj pregledni članak ističe najnovija dostignuća u epidemiologiji, dijagnozi, stratifikaciji rizika i liječenju akutnog koronarnog sindroma (AKS). Sama količina novih studija odražava robusno stanje globalnog kardiovaskularnog istraživanja, a cilj je prikazati rezultate koji su od interesa za kliničku praksu kardiologa. Učestalost i stope smrtnosti infarkta miokarda (IM) se smanjuju, što je vjerojatno posljedica promjena životnog stila, naročito prestanka pušenja, i poboljšanja farmakološkog i intervencijskog liječenja. Troponini i dalje ostaju u ključni za postavljanje dijagnoze, a novi testovi visoke osjetljivosti dodatno snižavaju pragove detekcije i poboljšavaju ishode. Dodatna dijagnostička vrijednost ostalih cirkulirajućih biomarkera ostaje nejasna, a za stratifikaciju rizika pokazali su se korisnim jednostavni klinički algoritmi, poput GRACE ljestice. Primarna perkutana koronarna intervencija (PCI) s minimalnom odgodom liječenja predstavlja najučinkovitiju strategiju reperfuzije kod akutnog infarkta miokarda s ST elevacijom (STEMI). Radijalni pristup je povezan s manjom učestalosti krvarenja od femoralnog pristupa, no ishodi se čine identičnima. Manualna trombektomija ograničava distalnu embolizaciju i veličinu infarkta, dok stentovi koji luče lijek smanjuju potrebu za daljnjim postupcima revaskularizacije. Lezije koje nisu vodeće se najbolje rješavaju elektivno, kao dogovorni postupak, po učinjenoj primarnoj PCI. Razvoj antitrombotskih i antiagregacijskih lijekova za primjenu kod primarne PCI se i dalje nastavlja, uz nove indikacije za fondaparinuks i bivalirudin te inhibitore glikoproteina IIb/IIIa. Ako primarna PCI nije dostupna na vrijeme, fibrinolitičko liječenje preostaje kao opcija, no strategija rane angiografske procjene preporuča se za sve pacijente. Infarkt miokarda bez elevacije ST segmenta (NSTEMI) je sada dominantan fenotip i ishodi nakon akutne faze su znatno lošiji nego za STEMI. Mnogi pacijenti s NSTEMI ostaju suboptimalno liječeni te postoji mnogo novih članaka koji pokušavaju definirati najučinkovitiju antitrombotsku i antiagregacionu terapiju za ovu skupinu pacijenata. Koristi od ranog invazivnog liječenja za većinu pacijenata nisu sporne, no optimalno vrijeme zahvata i dalje ostaje neriješeno. Kardiološka rehabilitacija se preporuča kod svih pacijenata s akutnim IM, no učestalost uključivanja u program je i dalje razočaravajuća. Kućni programi su učinkoviti i mogu biti prihvatljiviji za mnoge pacijente. Dokazi za korist od promjene životnog stila i farmakoterapije za sekundarnu prevenciju su i dalje prisutni, dok je argumente za suplemente s omega-3 masnim kiselinama, nakon nedavnih negativnih studija, sada teško održati. Implantibilni kardioverter-defibrilatori štite pacijente s teškom formom IM od iznenadne smrti, no za primarnu prevenciju bi trebali biti temeljeni na mjerenjima ejekcijske frakcije lijeve klijetke kasnije (oko 40 dana) nakon početne kliničke slike, budući da njihova ranija implementacija ne pokazuje dobrobit u smanjenju smrtnosti.<br />This overview highlights some recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The sheer volume of new studies reflects the robust state of global cardiovascular research but the focus here is on findings that are of most interest to the practising cardiologist. Incidence and mortality rates for myocardial infarction are in decline, probably owing to a combination of lifestyle changes, particularly smoking cessation, and improved pharmacological and interventional treatment. Troponins remain central for diagnosis and new high-sensitivity assays are further lowering detection thresholds and improving outcomes. The incremental diagnostic value of other circulating biomarkers remains unclear and for risk stratification simple clinical algorithms such as the GRACE score have proved more useful. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with minimal treatment delay is the most effective reperfusion strategy in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Radial access is associated with less bleeding than with the femoral approach, but outcomes appear similar. Manual thrombectomy limits distal embolisation and infarct size while drug-eluting stents reduce the need for further revascularisation procedures. Non-culprit disease is best dealt with electively as a staged procedure after primary PCI has been completed. The development of antithrombotic and antiplatelet regimens for primary PCI continues to evolve, with new indications for fondaparinux and bivalirudin as well as small-molecule glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa inhibitors. If timely primary PCI is unavailable, fibrinolytic treatment remains an option but a strategy of early angiographic assessment is recommended for all patients. Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is now the dominant phenotype and outcomes after the acute phase are significantly worse than for STEMI. Many patients with NSTEMI remain undertreated and there is a large body of recent work seeking to define the most effective antithrombotic and antiplatelet regimens for this group of patients. The benefits of early invasive treatment for most patients are not in dispute but optimal timing remains unresolved. Cardiac rehabilitation is recommended for all patients with acute myocardial infarction but take-up rates are disappointing. Home-based programmes are effective and may be more acceptable for many patients. Evidence for the benefits of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for secondary prevention continues to accumulate but the argument for omega-3 fatty acid supplements is now hard to sustain following recent negative trials. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for patients with severe myocardial infarction protect against sudden death but for primary prevention should be based on left ventricular ejection fraction measurements late (around 40 days) after presentation, earlier deployment showing no mortality benefit.
- Subjects :
- lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system
Biomedical Research
Turkey
Global Health
Fondaparinux
Risk Factors
Antithrombotic
Epidemiology
Secondary Prevention
Bivalirudin
Myocardial infarction
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary
Societies, Medical
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Thrombectomy
General Environmental Science
Evidence-Based Medicine
akutni koronarni sindrom
akutni infarkt miokarda
liječenje
smrtnost
Ejection fraction
Incidence
Mortality rate
Antifibrinolytic Agents
Survival Rate
Practice Guidelines as Topic
acute coronary syndrome
acute myocardial infarction
therapy
mortality
Recent advances
Cardiology
Drug Therapy, Combination
Stents
Periodicals as Topic
advances in clinical cardiology
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
medicine.drug
medicine.medical_specialty
Acute coronary syndromes
Risk Assessment
Sensitivity and Specificity
Sudden death
Article
Predictive Value of Tests
Internal medicine
medicine
Humans
cardiovascular diseases
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Intensive care medicine
Life Style
Interventional cardiology
business.industry
Research
Troponin I
medicine.disease
United Kingdom
Almanac 2011
lcsh:RC666-701
Conventional PCI
General Earth and Planetary Sciences
business
Biomarkers
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Biomedical engineering
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 13556037, 1848543X, and 18485448
- Volume :
- 97
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Heart
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....81ca94e621f250583f3b0d66ec272ce5