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A Toxic Unit and Additive Index Approach to Understanding the Interactions of 2 Piscicides, 3‐Trifluoromethyl‐4‐Nitrophenol and Niclosamide, in Rainbow Trout
- Source :
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Wiley, 2021.
-
Abstract
- The toxic unit and additive index approaches were used to understand how 2 pesticides, 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM) and 2,5‐dichloro‐4‐nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide; Nic), interact in mixtures. Our first objective was to determine whether the interaction was strictly additive or greater than additive at doses comparable to those used to control invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, and our second was to compare the utility of the toxic unit and additive index models for determining how TFM and Nic interacted. Typically, TFM is mixed with Nic (1–2%, w/v) to increase its potency and reduce TFM use. However, there is little information on how the 2 chemicals interact. Using a well‐studied, resident nontarget fish, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we conducted toxicity tests with TFM, Nic, and TFM:Nic (100:1, w/v; TFM/1% Nic) mixtures over 12 h to determine if the interaction was strictly additive, less than additive (antagonistic), or greater than additive (synergistic). The toxic unit and additive index approaches indicated synergistic interactions at environmentally relevant concentrations, suggesting that both are valid approaches for predicting how TFM and Nic interact. The toxic unit approach was simpler to conceptualize and to calculate, and we recommend that it be used when describing how TFM and Nic, and other similar organic compounds, interact with each other in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1419–1430. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
- Subjects :
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
010501 environmental sciences
Lampricide
3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
01 natural sciences
Nitrophenols
03 medical and health sciences
Toxic unit
TFM
medicine
Animals
Environmental Chemistry
Piscicide
Ecosystem
Niclosamide
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
0303 health sciences
Chemistry
030302 biochemistry & molecular biology
Pesticide
Environmental Toxicology
Mixtures
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Environmental chemistry
Additive index
Environmental toxicology
Toxicity
Rainbow trout
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15528618 and 07307268
- Volume :
- 40
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....80f0d6472e9bd0da7798828646d551b1