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Recent Molecular Assessment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Asymptomatic Infections in Botswana
- Source :
- The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2021.
-
Abstract
- In 2016, we reported the presence of Plasmodium vivax in Botswana through active case detection. A real-time PCR was used during a similar study in 10 districts to assess changes in the P. vivax prevalence. We assessed 1,614 children (2–13 years of age) for hemoglobin (Hb; g/dL) and Plasmodium parasites. The median age of all participants was 5.0 years (25th percentile, 3 years; 75th percentile, 8 years). The median Hb (g/dL) level was 12.1, but 18.3% of the participants had anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL); these participants were clustered in the younger than 5 years age group in all districts (P < 0.001). The risk of anemia decreased with age 5 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.197–0.34; P < 0.001). The prevalence rates of Plasmodium parasites were as follows: P. vivax, 12.7%; P. falciparum, 12.7%; P. malariae, 0.74%; and P. ovale (P. ovale curtisi), 0.68%. Mixed infection rates were as follows: P. falciparum and P. vivax, 2.35%; P. falciparum and P. ovale curtisi, 0.56%; P. vivax and P. malariae, 0.06%; and P. falciparum and P. malariae, 0.68%. The infections were largely asymptomatic (99.6%). Using logistic regression, the risk of infection with P. vivax was highest in Kweneng East (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.9–13.1), followed by South East (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.5–12.3) and Ngami (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.2–12.0). Compared to the risk of infection for children younger than 5 years, the risk of infection decreased for children 5 years or older in regions with high rates of P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. P. vivax and P. falciparum have expanded within the asymptomatic population in Botswana; therefore, careful attention is required for their elimination.
- Subjects :
- medicine.medical_specialty
Adolescent
Anemia
Plasmodium falciparum
030231 tropical medicine
Plasmodium vivax
Population
Prevalence
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Asymptomatic
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Virology
Internal medicine
parasitic diseases
Malaria, Vivax
Odds Ratio
medicine
Humans
Malaria, Falciparum
Child
education
Asymptomatic Infections
education.field_of_study
Botswana
biology
business.industry
Articles
Odds ratio
DNA, Protozoan
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease
Confidence interval
Infectious Diseases
Child, Preschool
Parasitology
medicine.symptom
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14761645 and 00029637
- Volume :
- 104
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....7ee43055adf3872f83c6060a12f75ab3