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Safety, hemodynamic effects, and detection of acute xenon inhalation: rationale for banning xenon from sport
- Source :
- Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 127(6)
- Publication Year :
- 2019
-
Abstract
- This study aimed to quantify the sedative effects, detection rates, and cardiovascular responses to xenon. On 3 occasions, participants breathed xenon (FiXe 30% for 20 min; FiXe 50% for 5 min; FiXe 70% for 2 min) in a nonblinded design. Sedation was monitored by a board-certified anesthesiologist. During 70% xenon, participants were also verbally instructed to operate a manual value with time-to-task failure being recorded. Beat-by-beat hemodynamics were measured continuously by ECG, photoplethysmography, and transcranial Doppler. Over 48 h postadministration, xenon was measured in blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Xenon caused variable levels of sedation and restlessness. Task failure of the self-operating value occurred at 60–90 s in most individuals. Over the first minute, 50% and 70% xenon caused a substantial reduction in total peripheral resistance ( P < 0.05). All dosages caused an increase in cardiac output ( P < 0.05). By the end of xenon inhalation, slight hypertension was observed after all three doses ( P < 0.05), with an increase in middle cerebral artery velocity ( P < 0.05). Xenon was consistently detected, albeit in trace amounts, up to 3 h after all three doses of xenon inhalation in blood and urine with variable results thereafter. Xenon inhalation caused sedation incompatible with self-operation of a breathing apparatus, thus causing a potential life-threatening condition in the absence of an anesthesiologist. Yet, xenon can only be reliably detected in blood and urine up to 3 h postacute dosing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Breathing xenon in dosages conceivable for doping purposes (FiXe 30% for 20 min; FiXe 50% for 5 min; FiXe 70% for 2 min) causes an initial rapid fall in total peripheral resistance with tachycardia and thereafter a mild hypertension with elevated middle cerebral artery velocity. These dose duration intervals cause sedation that is incompatible with operating a breathing apparatus and can only be detected in blood and urine samples with a high probability for up to ~3 h.
- Subjects :
- Tachycardia
Adult
Male
Xenon
Physiology
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
Peripheral resistance
chemistry.chemical_element
01 natural sciences
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Physiology (medical)
Administration, Inhalation
Medicine
Humans
Hemodynamic effects
Inhalation
business.industry
010401 analytical chemistry
Hemodynamics
0104 chemical sciences
Blood pressure
chemistry
Cerebral blood flow
Anesthesia
Cerebrovascular Circulation
Anesthetics, Inhalation
Breathing
Female
medicine.symptom
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Sports
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15221601
- Volume :
- 127
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....7c3b5b81d1fe10e2f9b88060f56acb41