Shallow tillage effects on soil properties for temperate-region hard-setting soils

Shallow tillage (ST; typically 30 years). Bulk soil was sampled from 0 to ∼20 cm of the MP soil and from the two layers above (‘ST-upper’) and below (‘ST-lower’) ST primary tillage depth. Soil organic carbon (SOC), water content, bulk density, air-filled pore space (ɛa) and air permeability (ka) at the field-sampled water content were determined. ST increased SOC concentration in the ST-upper soil when compared to MP, whereas no difference between ST and MP was found for the ST-lower soil. When based on equivalent soil masses, the quantity of SOC did not differ between ST and MP. Bulk density and PR of the ST-lower soil were higher than at the same depth of MP soil. PR was generally close to or exceeded the often quoted 1.5 MPa critical limit for root growth. Across the 11 field experiments, the untilled ST soil at 14–18 cm generally had lower ɛa and ka than the mechanically loosened soil at the same depth for MP. Also the specific air permeability (pore organization = ka/ɛa) was lower for ST than for MP. SOC turned out to be a dominating driver of bulk density across the soils studied. Our results indicate that relatively sandy soils low in SOC display hard-setting behaviour and are little suitable for ST. Our study also identified a pedotransfer function enabling prediction of PR for the upper B-horizon soil at a water content of field capacity for soils with the same geological origin as in this study.