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The SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effect Is Blocked by Lysosome Alkalizing Small Molecules
- Source :
- ACS Infectious Diseases
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- American Chemical Society, 2020.
-
Abstract
- Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus' pathways of infection, virus-host-protein interactions, and mechanisms of virus-induced cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the discovery and design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including alkalizing lysosomes and blocking autophagy as well as exhibiting dose-limiting toxicities in patients. Therefore, we evaluated additional lysosomotropic compounds to identify an alternative lysosome-based drug repurposing opportunity. We found that six of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices (SIs; SI = CC50/EC50) ranging from 1.5- to >10-fold. The compounds (1) blocked lysosome functioning and autophagy, (2) prevented pseudotyped particle entry, (3) increased lysosomal pH, and (4) reduced (ROC-325) viral titers in the EpiAirway 3D tissue model. Consistent with these findings, the siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0D1 blocked the HCoV-NL63 cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells. Moreover, an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cell lysate revealed significant dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal function, suggesting a contribution of the lysosome to the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest the lysosome as a potential host cell target to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and inhibitors of lysosomal function could become an important component of drug combination therapies aimed at improving treatment and outcomes for COVID-19.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
autophagy
Chemistry
SARS-CoV-2
030106 microbiology
Autophagy
coronavirus
Pharmacology
medicine.disease_cause
small molecule inhibitors
Virus
Article
cytopathic effect
03 medical and health sciences
Drug repositioning
030104 developmental biology
medicine.anatomical_structure
Infectious Diseases
Chloroquine
Lysosome
medicine
Vero cell
Coronavirus
medicine.drug
Cytopathic effect
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 23738227
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- ACS Infectious Diseases
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....772a42752c709752746939fbeea14b0e