Improvement in Brachial Endothelial Vasomotor Function and Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Reduces the Residual Risk for Cardiovascular Events after Optimal Medical Treatment in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Aim To examine whether improvement in flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) has an additive effect on achieving optimal goals of traditional risk factors to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We assessed 323 patients with CAD and impaired vascular function, defined as an impaired FMD of the brachial artery (＜5.5%) and increased baPWV (＞1,440 cm/sec). After FMD and baPWV measurements at 24 weeks of optimal medical treatment (OMT), the study patients were followed up for ＜60 months or until a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, or ischemic stroke occurs. Results During the median follow-up period of 35 months, cardiovascular events occurred in 72 patients. Multivariate Cox hazards analysis showed that patients with an improvement in FMD and baPWV had the lowest probability of future cardiovascular events. In addition, the improvement in FMD and baPWV had a significant incremental effect on the predictive value of the achievement of optimal goals for blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) using net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Conclusions The improvement in FMD and baPWV had additive effects on risk reduction of the achievement of the optimal goals of traditional risk factors in patients with CAD. Thus, serial measurements of FMD and baPWV may be useful for identifying CAD patients at residual risk for adverse cardiovascular events following OMT.