Thermodynamics of binary and ternary interactions in the tin(II)/phytate system in aqueous solutions, in the presence of Cl− or F−

An extensive study of the tin(II)/phytate (Phy) system was carried out in NaNO 3(aq) , at different ionic strengths (0.10 ⩽ I /mol · L −1 ⩽ 1.00) and temperatures (278.15 ⩽ T /K ⩽ 328.15), by potentiometric and voltammetric techniques. The stability and formation enthalpy changes of six SnH q Phy species were determined. To better characterise this system, some potentiometric titrations were also carried out in mixed ionic media (NaNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) and NaNO 3(aq) + NaF (aq) ) at total ionic strength I = 1.00 mol · L −1 . The formation of some ternary mixed SnH q PhyCl and SnH q PhyF species (charges omitted for simplicity) was found. The formation enthalpies of the complex species were calculated, at I = 0.40 mol · L −1 in NaNO 3(aq) , by the dependence of stability constants on temperature obtained by potentiometric titrations, in the range 278.15 ⩽ T /K ⩽ 328.15. The complex formation process is endothermic, and the main contribution to tin(II) complexation by phytate is entropic in nature. For example, for the SnPhy species we have, at T = 298.15 K and I = 0.40 mol · L −1 in NaNO 3(aq) : Δ H = 57.7 ± 2.8 kJ mol · L −1 , Δ G = −99.9 ± 1.7 kJ mol · L −1 , and T Δ S = 158 ± 3 kJ mol · L −1 . The ionic strength dependence of the formation constants of the simple tin(II)/phytate species, was modelled by the Debye–Huckel and the SIT approaches. The sequestering ability of phytate towards tin(II) was evaluated by calculating the pL 0.5 values (i.e., the total ligand concentration necessary to bind 50% of cation present in trace) at different ionic strengths, ionic media, and pH. The sequestering ability increases with increasing the pH, whilst it decreases with increasing the ionic strength (the same behaviour shown by the stability constants). Moreover, taking into account the different sequestering ability of phytate towards tin(II) in the different ionic media, the trend: pL 0.5 = 5.70 (in NaNO 3(aq) + NaF (aq) ) > pL 0.5 = 5.16 (in NaNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) ) > pL 0.5 = 4.86 (in NaNO 3(aq) ) was observed at pH 8.1 and I = 1.00 mol · L −1 . This is due to the presence of a second ligand (Cl − or F − ) that stabilizes the complex species with the formation of ternary complex species. Some empirical relationships were also found.