Shake-Off Process in Non-Sequential Single-Photon Double Ionization of Closed-Shell Atomic Targets

Amusia and Kheifets in 1984 introduced a Green’s function formalism to describe the effect of many-electron correlation on the ionization spectra of atoms. Here, we exploit this formalism to model the shake-off (SO) process, leading to the non-sequential single-photon two-electron ionization (double photoionization—DPI) of closed-shell atomic targets. We separate the SO process from another knock-out (KO) mechanism of DPI and show the SO prevalence away from the DPI threshold. We use this kinematic regime to validate our model by making a comparison with more elaborate techniques, such as convergent and time-dependent close coupling. We also use our model to evaluate the attosecond time delay associated with the SO process. Typically, the SO is very fast, taking only a few attoseconds to complete. However, it can take much longer in the DPI of strongly correlated systems, such as the H− ion as well as the subvalent shells of the Ar and Xe atoms and Cl− ion.