Materials for immunoisolated cell transplantation

Encapsulated cell therapy provides site-specific continuous delivery of cell-synthesized molecules. Cell encapsulation therapy is based on the concept of immunoisolation. Foreign cells are surrounded with a semi-permeable membrane prior to transplantation to shield them from the host's natural defense system. This membrane is selectively permeable to transport of nutrients and therapeutic agents but relatively impermeable to larger molecules and cells of the hosts' immune system. Most encapsulation devices also utilize an internal matrix to keep cells suspended within the capsule. Proper choice of materials and materials processing techniques to formulate membrane and matrix components is essential to the success of these devices. A successful encapsulation device recreates the natural three-dimensional tissue environment that supports cell function and maintains cell viability. This review summarizes recent developments in materials development for cell encapsulation devices and highlights some ongoing challenges faced by those in the field.