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Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
- Source :
- Molecules, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 693 (2019), Molecules, Volume 24, Issue 4
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2019.
-
Abstract
- In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments. The extensive use of this drug has led to environmental pollution of both water and soil, up to its detection in growing plants. In order to expand the knowledge about TRA toxicity as well as the nature of its disinfection by-products (DBPs), a simulation of the waste treatment chlorination step has been reported herein. In particular, we found seven new by-products, that together with TRA, have been assayed on different living organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna), to test their acute and chronic toxicity. The results reported that TRA may be classified as a harmful compound to some aquatic organisms whereas its chlorinated product mixture showed no effects on any of the organisms tested. All data suggest however that TRA chlorination treatment produces a variety of DBPs which can be more harmful than TRA and a risk for the aquatic environment and human health.
- Subjects :
- tramadol
disinfection treatments
disinfection by-products (DBPs)
Daphnia magna
Pharmaceutical Science
Environmental pollution
010501 environmental sciences
chlorine derivative
01 natural sciences
Article
Analytical Chemistry
lcsh:QD241-441
Raphidocelis subcapitata
lcsh:Organic chemistry
Aquatic plant
Toxicity Tests
Drug Discovery
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Chronic toxicity
Effluent
reproductive and urinary physiology
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Molecular Structure
chlorination
biology
010405 organic chemistry
Spectrum Analysis
Organic Chemistry
acute and chronic toxicity tests
chlorine derivatives
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
biology.organism_classification
Hypochlorous Acid
0104 chemical sciences
Disinfection
Wastewater
Chemistry (miscellaneous)
Environmental chemistry
embryonic structures
bacteria
Molecular Medicine
Sewage treatment
disinfection treatment
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14203049
- Volume :
- 24
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Molecules
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....6bde3b9c28933ecff5314b458196fb57
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040693