Reprogramming the Stem Cell Behavior by Shear Stress and Electric Field Stimulation: Lab-on-a-Chip Based Biomicrofluidics in Regenerative Medicine

The biophysical cues of endogenous origin, i.e., shear stress and electric field, are known to significantly modulate cell functionality, in vitro. While this has been relatively well investigated in conventional petri dish culture, it is important to validate such important phenomenon in physiologically simulated cellular microenvironment. In this perspective, this review critically discusses the importance of lab-on-a-chip (LOC)-based microfluidic devices to probe into this aspect to develop an insight towards the application in regenerative medicine. While reviewing several literature reports, an emphasis has been placed to unravel the intriguing aspects of shear and electric field modulated differentiation of stem cells in the biomicrofluidics devices. The potential application focusing the stem cell culture was emphasized in this article as the stem cells are the foundation of tissue regeneration. Several challenges in tissue regeneration and introduction of personalized medicine could be addressed through microfluidic technology. Culturing of organ-specific multiple cell types within lab-on-a-chip and biophysical stimulation mediated activations of intracellular signal transduction under gradient shear/electric field are highlighted in this review. Lay Summary: Conceptually, regenerative medicine is considered as an emerging approach for treating traumatized, malfunctional anatomical parts of the patients with stem cells to establish normal functionality of the tissue. The regenerated tissue should preferably be the patients� autologous tissue, grown under artificially created in vivo physiological environment. Biomicrofluidic-based lab-on-a-chip technology enables to perform in vitro cell/tissue engineering under endogenous cues, like shear and electric field. Therefore, this review discusses two aspects of regenerative medicine in terms of autologous transplantation of cells/tissues to improvise personalized regenerative medicine and to recreate an organ-specific tissue under the influence of biophysical stimulation in an attempt to improve the physiological functionality.