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Antioxidant responses and okadaic acid accumulation in Laeonereis acuta (Annelida) exposed to the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. lima
- Source :
- Toxicon. 203:104-114
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2021.
-
Abstract
- We evaluated the accumulation of okadaic acid (OA), a diarrhetic toxin, and the antioxidant responses in the marine annelid Laeonereis acuta exposed to the benthic toxigenic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. lima. Nontoxic Tetraselmis sp. was used as a control diet. Living cells of the two algae were supplied as food to animals kept in agar medium for 72 h. To assess the significance of the observed effects, our experimental design treated the algal species (diet), algal cell densities, and exposure time as fixed factors. Responses of the organisms were assessed through oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferase [GST], catalase [CAT], reduced glutathione [GSH] and lipid peroxidation [LPO]). Toxin accumulation was measured by LC-MS/MS in whole-body homogenates after 12, 24 and 72 h of exposure. Worms exposed to the toxigenic dinoflagellate gradually accumulated OA, with toxin levels directly related to the cell density of Prorocentrum cf. lima. Worms fed with Prorocentrum cf. lima exhibited decreased CAT activity, increased LPO levels – both interactively affected by algal species and time – and decreased GSH levels, which were interactively affected by algal species and cell density. Higher LPO levels, along with the inhibition of CAT and GSH, clearly indicated an oxidative stress situation in worms exposed to the toxigenic dinoflagellate. Laeonereis acuta accumulated moderate OA levels and may act as a vector of OA to food webs in estuarine areas under high Prorocentrum cf. lima abundance.
- Subjects :
- Antioxidant
biology
Toxin
Annelida
medicine.medical_treatment
Dinoflagellate
Okadaic acid
Glutathione
Toxicology
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease_cause
Antioxidants
Microbiology
Lipid peroxidation
chemistry.chemical_compound
chemistry
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Catalase
Okadaic Acid
Dinoflagellida
medicine
biology.protein
Animals
Tetraselmis
Chromatography, Liquid
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 00410101
- Volume :
- 203
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Toxicon
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....693f5ca2cabcf071fda2426da2556cbc