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Multi-Aperture-Based Probabilistic Noise Reduction of Random Telegraph Signal Noise and Photon Shot Noise in Semi-Photon-Counting Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Image Sensor
- Source :
- Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 4, p 977 (2018), Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 4; Pages: 977
- Publication Year :
- 2018
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2018.
-
Abstract
- A probabilistic method to remove the random telegraph signal (RTS) noise and to increase the signal level is proposed, and was verified by simulation based on measured real sensor noise. Although semi-photon-counting-level (SPCL) ultra-low noise complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CISs) with high conversion gain pixels have emerged, they still suffer from huge RTS noise, which is inherent to the CISs. The proposed method utilizes a multi-aperture (MA) camera that is composed of multiple sets of an SPCL CIS and a moderately fast and compact imaging lens to emulate a very fast single lens. Due to the redundancy of the MA camera, the RTS noise is removed by the maximum likelihood estimation where noise characteristics are modeled by the probability density distribution. In the proposed method, the photon shot noise is also relatively reduced because of the averaging effect, where the pixel values of all the multiple apertures are considered. An extremely low-light condition that the maximum number of electrons per aperture was the only 2 e − was simulated. PSNRs of a test image for simple averaging, selective averaging (our previous method), and the proposed method were 11.92 dB, 11.61 dB, and 13.14 dB, respectively. The selective averaging, which can remove RTS noise, was worse than the simple averaging because it ignores the pixels with RTS noise and photon shot noise was less improved. The simulation results showed that the proposed method provided the best noise reduction performance.
- Subjects :
- Aperture
Noise reduction
ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION
maximum likelihood estimation
lcsh:Chemical technology
01 natural sciences
Biochemistry
Signal
Article
Analytical Chemistry
Optics
0103 physical sciences
lcsh:TP1-1185
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Image sensor
semi-photon-counting-level CMOS image sensor
Instrumentation
010302 applied physics
Physics
noise reduction
random telegraph signal noise
multi-aperture camera
Pixel
010308 nuclear & particles physics
business.industry
Noise (signal processing)
Shot noise
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Photon counting
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14248220
- Volume :
- 18
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Sensors
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....66c0ef257f31f3a529a4e8b9c8982aec