Simulation of Laser Lithotripsy-Induced Heating in the Urinary Tract

Purpose: Holmium laser lithotripsy is a common modality used to fragment urinary stones during ureteroscopy. Laser energy deposited during activation produces heat and potentially causes thermal bioeffects. We aimed to characterize laser-induced heating through a computational simulation. Materials and Methods: A finite-element model was developed and used to estimate temperature in the urinary tract. Axisymmetric models of laser lithotripsy in a renal calyx, the renal pelvis, and proximal ureter were created. Heat generation by laser and heat transfer were simulated under different laser powers between 5 and 40 W. Irrigation fluid flow was introduced at rates between 0 and 40 mL/min. The model was validated by comparison with previous in vitro temperature data in a test tube, then used to calculate heating and thermal dose in the three tissue models. Results: Simulated temperature rises agreed well with most in vitro experimental measurements. In tissue models, temperature rises depended strongly on laser power and irrigation rate, and to a lesser extent on location. Injurious temperatures were reached for 5–40 W laser power without irrigation, >10 W with 5 mL/min irrigation, 40 W with 15 mL/min irrigation, and were not found at 40 mL/min irrigation. Tissue injury volumes up to 2.3 cm(3) were calculated from thermal dose. Conclusions: The results suggest a numerical model can accurately simulate the thermal profile of laser lithotripsy. Laser heating is strongly dependent on parameters and may cause a substantial temperature rise in the fluid in the urinary tract and surrounding tissue under clinically relevant conditions.