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Analytic, dust-independent mass-loss rates for red supergiant winds initiated by turbulent pressure

Authors :
A. de Koter
N. D. Kee
Jon O. Sundqvist
Hugues Sana
Leen Decin
Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
Source :
Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 646:A180. EDP Sciences
Publication Year :
2021
Publisher :
EDP Sciences, 2021.

Abstract

Context. Red supergiants are observed to undergo vigorous mass-loss. However, to date, no theoretical model has succeeded in explaining the origins of these objects' winds. This strongly limits our understanding of red supergiant evolution and Type II-P and II-L supernova progenitor properties. Aims. We examine the role that vigorous atmospheric turbulence may play in initiating and determining the mass-loss rates of red supergiant stars. Methods. We analytically and numerically solve the equations of conservation of mass and momentum, which we later couple to an atmospheric temperature structure, to obtain theoretically motivated mass-loss rates. We then compare these to state-of-the-art empirical mass-loss rate scaling formulae as well as observationally inferred mass-loss rates of red supergiants. Results. We find that the pressure due to the characteristic turbulent velocities inferred for red supergiants is sufficient to explain the mass-loss rates of these objects in the absence of the normally employed opacity from circumstellar dust. Motivated by this initial success, we provide a first theoretical and fully analytic mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants. We conclude by highlighting some intriguing possible implications of these rates for future studies of stellar evolution, especially in light of the lack of a direct dependence on metallicity.<br />Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

Details

ISSN :
14320746 and 00046361
Volume :
646
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Accession number :
edsair.doi.dedup.....63388820e997f1eab9770e1532f10b36
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039224