Methods for probing charging properties of polymeric materials using XPS

Various thin polystyrene, PS, and poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA and PS + PMMA blend films have been examined using the technique of recording X-ray photoelectron spectrum while the sample is subjected to +/- 10 V d.c, bias, and three different forms of (square-wave (SQW), sinusoidal (SIN) and triangular (TRG)), a.c. pulses. All films exhibit charging shifts as observed in the position of the corresponding C1s peak under d.c. bias. The a.c. pulses convert the single C1s peak to twinned peaks in the case of the square-wave form, and distort severely in the cases of the SIN, and TRG forms, and all three of them exhibit strong frequency dependence. In order to mimic and better understand the behavior of these polymeric materials, an artificial dielectric system consisting of a clean Si-wafer coupled to an external 1 M Omega resistor and 56 nF capacitor is created, and its response to different forms of voltage stimuli, is examined in detail. A simple electrical circuit model is also developed treating the system as consisting of a parallel resistor and a series capacitor. With the help of the model, the response of the artificial system is successfully calculated as judged by comparison with the experimental data. Using one high frequency SQW measurements, the off-set in the charging shift clue to the extra low-energy neutralizing electrons is estimated. After correcting the corresponding off-set shifts, the XPS spectra of the three different PS films, one PMMA, and one PS + PMMA blend film are re-examined. As a result of these detailed analysis, there emerges a clear relationship between the thicknesses of the PS films with their charging abilities. In the blend film, PS and PMMA domains are electrically separated, and exhibit different charging shifts, however, the presence of one is felt by the other. Hence, the PS component shifts are larger in the blend, due to the presence of PMMA domains, which has intrinsically a larger R-eff, and conversely the PMMA component shifts are smaller due to the presence of PS domains. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.