Nephrologist referrals of older patients with chronic kidney disease in Singapore: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in the older population. By 2035, approximately one-quarter of Singapore residents are expected to have CKD. Many of these patients are not referred to nephrologists.AimTo compare the characteristics of older patients (aged ≥65 years) with CKD stage ≥3B in the referral and non-referral groups.Design & settingsA cross-sectional study in the primary care organisation National University Polyclinics (NUP), Singapore.MethodRetrospective data were extracted from the electronic health records of patients with CKD (aged ≥65 years) with CKD stage ≥3B.ResultsFrom 1 January–31 December 2018, a total of 1536 patients aged ≥65 years were diagnosed with CKD stage ≥3B (non-referral group = 1179 versus referral group = 357). The mean patient age in the non-referral group (78.4 years) was older than that in the referral group (75.9 years) (PP = 0.008). The non-referral group was prescribed significantly less fibrate, statins, insulin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, and antiplatelet than the referral group (PConclusionThis study demonstrates that there is a considerable number of older patients with CKD exclusively managed in the primary care setting (n = 1179) and that referrals primarily depend on demographic factors, namely age and ethnic group, rather than medical determinants of CKD severity or case complexity.