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Liver Steatosis, Gut-Liver Axis, Microbiome and Environmental Factors. A Never-Ending Bidirectional Cross-Talk
- Source :
- Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 2648, p 2648 (2020), Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2020.
-
Abstract
- The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide and parallels comorbidities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Recent studies describe the presence of NAFLD in non-obese individuals, with mechanisms partially independent from excessive caloric intake. Increasing evidences, in particular, point towards a close interaction between dietary and environmental factors (including food contaminants), gut, blood flow, and liver metabolism, with pathways involving intestinal permeability, the composition of gut microbiota, bacterial products, immunity, local, and systemic inflammation. These factors play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal, liver, and metabolic homeostasis. An anomalous or imbalanced gut microbial composition may favor an increased intestinal permeability, predisposing to portal translocation of microorganisms, microbial products, and cell wall components. These components form microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), with potentials to interact in the intestine lamina propria enriched in immune cells, and in the liver at the level of the immune cells, i.e., Kupffer cells and stellate cells. The resulting inflammatory environment ultimately leads to liver fibrosis with potentials to progression towards necrotic and fibrotic changes, cirrhosis. and hepatocellular carcinoma. By contrast, measures able to modulate the composition of gut microbiota and to preserve gut vascular barrier might prevent or reverse NAFLD.
- Subjects :
- Cirrhosis
leaky gut
lcsh:Medicine
Review
Gut flora
Systemic inflammation
digestive system
body weight
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Immune system
NAFLD
fat
medicine
genetics
Microbiome
fatty liver
030304 developmental biology
0303 health sciences
Intestinal permeability
biology
intestinal permeability
business.industry
lcsh:R
Fatty liver
General Medicine
medicine.disease
biology.organism_classification
Immunology
Hepatic stellate cell
030211 gastroenterology & hepatology
medicine.symptom
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 20770383
- Volume :
- 9
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....5d22eb7f2acc1738e2e7a8b91d491821