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All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes
All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes
- Source :
- Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 11 (2020), Frontiers in Immunology
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- Frontiers Media SA, 2020.
-
Abstract
- Interferon (IFN) signaling induces the expression of a wide array of genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that generally function to inhibit viral replication. RNA viruses are frequently targeted by ISGs through recognition of viral replicative intermediates and molecular features associated with viral genomes, or the lack of molecular features associated with host mRNAs. The ISGs reviewed here primarily inhibit viral replication in an RNA-centric manner, working to sense, degrade, or repress expression of viral RNA. This review focuses on dissecting how these ISGs exhibit multiple antiviral mechanisms, often through use of varied co-factors, highlighting the complexity of the type I IFN response. Specifically, these ISGs can mediate antiviral effects through viral RNA degradation, viral translation inhibition, or both. While the OAS/RNase L pathway globally degrades RNA and arrests translation, ISG20 and ZAP employ targeted RNA degradation and translation inhibition to block viral replication. Meanwhile, SHFL targets translation by inhibiting -1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is required by many RNA viruses. Finally, a number of E3 ligases inhibit viral transcription, an attractive antiviral target during the lifecycle of negative-sense RNA viruses which must transcribe their genome prior to translation. Through this review, we aim to provide an updated perspective on how these ISGs work together to form a complex network of antiviral arsenals targeting viral RNA processes.
- Subjects :
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
0301 basic medicine
RNA sensing
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy
Transcription, Genetic
RNase P
RNA Stability
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
viruses
Immunology
Review
Biology
translation inhibition
Virus Replication
03 medical and health sciences
interferon-stimulated genes
Transcription (biology)
Interferon
Endoribonucleases
2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase
medicine
Animals
Humans
viral RNA degradation
Immunology and Allergy
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Gene
Translational frameshift
co-factors
030102 biochemistry & molecular biology
Viral translation
Ubiquitination
RNA
virus diseases
Cell biology
030104 developmental biology
Viral replication
Virus Diseases
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Interferon Regulatory Factors
Viruses
RNA, Viral
lcsh:RC581-607
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 16643224
- Volume :
- 11
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....5c4411bbf76be9690081715e9b9601e1
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.605024